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Glossary

Abuse

Definition

Abuse refers to acts that intentionally cause harm or pose a serious risk of harm to a child, adult, or vulnerable person. It can include physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, or financial abuse. Abuse implies deliberate action or wilful neglect and is recognised in statutory law.

References

Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — defines abuse and empowers authorities to intervene.
Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — addresses abuse in domestic settings.
Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide procedures for identifying, reporting, and responding to abuse.
Note: Abuse in Hong Kong law generally refers to intentional acts or serious omissions causing harm.

Notes

In 2023, there were 1,457 newly registered cases, with 41.3% being physical harm/abuse, 34.9% sexual abuse, and 21.3% neglect. Notably, 88% of sexual abuse cases involving children under 16 were committed by individuals known to the child, such as parents, relatives, or peers.

虐待

虐待是指對兒童、成年人或弱勢人士故意造成傷害或嚴重傷害風險的行為，包括身體、性、情緒、心理或經濟虐待。虐待通常指有意為之或蓄意疏忽，並在法例中得到承認。

Adult at Risk of Harm

Definition

An adult at risk of harm refers to an individual, typically aged 16 or above, who, due to age, disability, illness, mental health issues, or social circumstances, is unable to protect themselves from abuse, neglect, or exploitation, placing them at increased risk of harm.

References

Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — regulates harm to adults.
Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — addresses abuse within families.
SWD guidelines (Protection of Vulnerable Adults) — defines at-risk adults starting from 16 years for protection purposes.
Abuse and neglect reporting policies — require timely reporting and intervention.

Notes

受威脅成年人

受威脅成年人是指通常年滿16歲或以上，因年齡、殘疾、疾病、心理健康問題或社會環境因素，無法有效保護自己免受虐待、疏忽或剝削，從而面臨較高傷害風險的人士。

Adverse Childhood Experiences

Definition

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (0–17 years) such as physical, emotional, or sexual abuse; physical or emotional neglect; and household dysfunction including substance misuse, mental illness, parental separation, or domestic violence.

References

SWD Guidelines — identify families at risk of child maltreatment and emphasize early support.
Mandatory Reporting of Child Abuse Ordinance (Cap. 213) — requires reporting of suspected serious child abuse.
Research & Policy Recommendations (HKU) — highlights prevalence and long-term effects of ACEs in Hong Kong. A study by the Department of Social Work and Social Administration at the University of Hong Kong showed that 53% of Hong Kong residents had experienced at least one form of ACEs, demonstrating its prevalence in Hong Kong.

Notes

A study by the University of Hong Kong found that 53% of Hong Kong residents aged 18 and above have experienced at least one form of ACE, which is substantially higher than the global average of 38.8% (Kessler et al., 2010). The most common forms identified were emotional neglect (32.5%), psychological abuse (30.8%), and physical abuse (14.2%)
Another study revealed that 84.2% of participants were exposed to at least one of the 13 ACEs, with the highest prevalence being emotional abuse (67.5%), followed by domestic violence (62.5%), physical abuse (49.1%), and bullying (45%)

童年逆境經歷

童年逆境經歷（ACEs）是指在童年（0–17歲）期間發生的可能創傷性事件，如身體、情緒或性虐待；身體或情緒忽視；以及家庭功能障礙，包括物質濫用、精神疾病、父母分離或離婚，以及家庭暴力等。

Best Interests' Decision

Definition

A best interests’ decision is any decision made on behalf of a child or vulnerable person that prioritizes their welfare, safety, development, and well-being above all other considerations. Such decisions guide caregivers, social workers, and authorities in actions affecting the individual.

References

Guardianship of Minors Ordinance (Cap. 13) — requires guardians to make decisions in the child’s best interests.
Children and Young Persons Ordinance (Cap. 213) — child protection decisions must prioritize welfare.
Social Welfare Department guidelines — emphasize best interests in decisions for vulnerable adults and children.

Notes

最佳利益決定

最佳利益決定是指代表兒童或弱勢人士作出的任何決策，必須將其福祉、安全、成長和健康置於其他因素之上。此類決策指導照顧者、社工及相關機構在處理涉及該人士的事務時採取行動。

Bullying

Definition

Bullying refers to repeated, intentional behavior that causes physical, emotional, or psychological harm to another person. It can include verbal abuse, physical aggression, social exclusion, or cyberbullying, and often involves an imbalance of power between the perpetrator and the victim.

References

Education Ordinance (Cap. 279) & Education Bureau Guidelines — schools are required to implement anti-bullying policies and measures.
Social Welfare Department (SWD) Guidelines — provide support and intervention for children experiencing bullying.
Cybersecurity and Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — addresses online harassment and cyberbullying.

Notes

Notes

可辯護的決策

可辯護決策是指作出專業或保護相關決策的過程，需有完整記錄、以證據為依據，並符合法律、倫理及機構標準，以便在審查時能夠合理解釋決策依據。

Disclosure

Definition

Disclosure means someone revealing experiences of abuse, neglect, or harm, whether directly or indirectly; it may also refer to the release of safeguarding-related information by authorities.

Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — provides protection orders and criminal sanctions against domestic abuse.
Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminalizes acts such as assault, harassment, or threats in domestic settings.
Social Welfare Department Guidelines — outline procedures for identifying, reporting, and supporting victims of domestic violence.
Police Force Ordinance (Cap. 232) — enables law enforcement to investigate domestic abuse cases.

Notes

Notes

情緒虐待

情緒虐待是指對兒童、成年人或弱勢人士的感受、自尊及情緒健康造成傷害的行為，包括持續批評、羞辱、拒絕或孤立，導致痛苦並損害自信和尊嚴，通常不涉及直接的身體傷害。情緒虐待不同於心理虐待，後者主要影響個人的思維、認知及長期心理功能。

Evidence

Definition

In safeguarding, evidence refers to any information, material, or testimony that helps establish what happened in relation to abuse, harm, or unsafe situations. This can include physical items, digital records, witness accounts, professional reports, or any documentation that supports the investigation or informs protective actions.

自我疏忽是指個人未能照顧自身基本需求，如營養、衛生、健康或安全，導致自身受到傷害或面臨傷害風險。

Sexting

Definition

Sexting is when someone shares sexual, naked or semi-naked images or videos of themselves or others, or sends sexual messages, usually via mobile phones or online platforms. When under 18s are involved, such behaviour may amount to the creation, distribution, or possession of indecent images of children, which is a criminal offence.

Notes

創傷

創傷是指因虐待、疏忽照顧、暴力、意外、災難等痛苦或有害經歷而產生的心理、情感或身體反應。每個人對同一事件的反應可能不同：對一人構成創傷的事情，對另一人未必如此，而創傷反應亦因人而異。創傷會影響安全感、穩定感、應對能力，並可能對精神健康造成長遠影響。

Trauma-Informed Practice

Definition

Trauma-informed practice refers to an approach in which professionals and organisations recognise the presence and impact of trauma, respond appropriately to avoid re-traumatisation, and prioritise the safety, empowerment, and well-being of individuals.

References

Social Welfare Department Guidelines — integrate trauma-informed approaches in child protection and adult safeguarding interventions.
Hospital Authority Guidelines — encourage trauma-informed care in mental health and medical services.

Education Bureau Guidelines — promote awareness and support for students who have experienced trauma.

Notes

創傷知情實踐

創傷知情實踐是指專業人士及機構在工作中認識創傷的存在及影響，採取適當回應以避免再度創傷，並優先保障個人的安全、賦權及福祉。

Vicarious Trauma

Definition

Vicarious Trauma refers to the cumulative and long-term psychological and emotional impact on individuals, particularly professionals and carers, who are repeatedly exposed to other people’s traumatic experiences. Unlike secondary trauma, which may be short-term, vicarious trauma often leads to deeper and lasting changes in a person’s worldview, sense of safety, values, and relationships.

Employment Ordinance (Cap. 57) — provides protections for employees who report wrongdoing.
Prevention of Bribery Ordinance (Cap. 201) — encourages reporting of corrupt practices
Social Welfare Department Guidelines & Hospital Authority Protocols — outline procedures for staff to report safeguarding concerns while ensuring protection from retaliation.

Notes

《公眾利益披露條例》（第201章）

吹哨舉報

吹哨舉報是指報告組織內涉嫌不當行為、違規或虐待的行為，尤其是在這些行為可能危及個人的安全、權利或福祉時。

Witness

Definition

In safeguarding procedures, a witness refers to a person who has observed, experienced, or reports concerns about abuse, harm, or inappropriate behaviour. The term is used neutrally to avoid labelling individuals as victims.

References

While “witness” is a legal term under the Evidence Ordinance (Cap. 8), in safeguarding practice it is adopted in a broader sense to cover anyone reporting or experiencing concerns.

Notes

證人

在保障程序中，「證人」是指有觀察到、經歷過，或提出對虐待、傷害或不當行為關注的人。此用語屬中性，避免將當事人標籤為受害者。

Zero Tolerance Approach to Inaction

Definition

A zero tolerance approach to inaction refers to an organisational or legal principle where failing to act on concerns, reports, or signs of abuse, neglect, or harm is considered unacceptable, and all staff are required to respond promptly and appropriately.

References

Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — imposes duties on authorities and caregivers to act in safeguarding children.
Social Welfare Department Guidelines — require timely reporting and intervention when abuse or neglect is suspected.
Education Bureau Guidelines — mandate that school staff take immediate action in safeguarding concerns.

Notes

對不作為採取零容忍態度

對不作為採取零容忍態度是指組織或法律原則，對於未能對虐待、疏忽或傷害的關注、舉報或跡象作出行動的行為視為不可接受，要求所有工作人員迅速及適當地回應。

English term	Chinese term	English Definition	Chinese Definition	Reference	Notes
Abuse	虐待	Abuse refers to acts that intentionally cause harm or pose a serious risk of harm to a child, adult, or vulnerable person. It can include physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, or financial abuse. Abuse implies deliberate action or wilful neglect and is recognised in statutory law.	虐待是指對兒童、成年人或弱勢人士故意造成傷害或嚴重傷害風險的行為，包括身體、性、情緒、心理或經濟虐待。虐待通常指有意為之或蓄意疏忽，並在法例中得到承認。	Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — defines abuse and empowers authorities to intervene. Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — addresses abuse in domestic settings. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide procedures for identifying, reporting, and responding to abuse. Note: Abuse in Hong Kong law generally refers to intentional acts or serious omissions causing harm.	In 2023, there were 1,457 newly registered cases, with 41.3% being physical harm/abuse, 34.9% sexual abuse, and 21.3% neglect. Notably, 88% of sexual abuse cases involving children under 16 were committed by individuals known to the child, such as parents, relatives, or peers.
Adult at Risk of Harm	受威脅成年人	An adult at risk of harm refers to an individual, typically aged 16 or above, who, due to age, disability, illness, mental health issues, or social circumstances, is unable to protect themselves from abuse, neglect, or exploitation, placing them at increased risk of harm.	受威脅成年人是指通常年滿16歲或以上，因年齡、殘疾、疾病、心理健康問題或社會環境因素，無法有效保護自己免受虐待、疏忽或剝削，從而面臨較高傷害風險的人士。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — regulates harm to adults. Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — addresses abuse within families. SWD guidelines (Protection of Vulnerable Adults) — defines at-risk adults starting from 16 years for protection purposes. Abuse and neglect reporting policies — require timely reporting and intervention.
Adverse Childhood Experiences	童年逆境經歷	Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (0–17 years) such as physical, emotional, or sexual abuse; physical or emotional neglect; and household dysfunction including substance misuse, mental illness, parental separation, or domestic violence.	童年逆境經歷（ACEs）是指在童年（0–17歲）期間發生的可能創傷性事件，如身體、情緒或性虐待；身體或情緒忽視；以及家庭功能障礙，包括物質濫用、精神疾病、父母分離或離婚，以及家庭暴力等。	SWD Guidelines — identify families at risk of child maltreatment and emphasize early support. Mandatory Reporting of Child Abuse Ordinance (Cap. 213) — requires reporting of suspected serious child abuse. Research & Policy Recommendations (HKU) — highlights prevalence and long-term effects of ACEs in Hong Kong. A study by the Department of Social Work and Social Administration at the University of Hong Kong showed that 53% of Hong Kong residents had experienced at least one form of ACEs, demonstrating its prevalence in Hong Kong.	A study by the University of Hong Kong found that 53% of Hong Kong residents aged 18 and above have experienced at least one form of ACE, which is substantially higher than the global average of 38.8% (Kessler et al., 2010). The most common forms identified were emotional neglect (32.5%), psychological abuse (30.8%), and physical abuse (14.2%) Another study revealed that 84.2% of participants were exposed to at least one of the 13 ACEs, with the highest prevalence being emotional abuse (67.5%), followed by domestic violence (62.5%), physical abuse (49.1%), and bullying (45%)
Best Interests' Decision	最佳利益決定	A best interests’ decision is any decision made on behalf of a child or vulnerable person that prioritizes their welfare, safety, development, and well-being above all other considerations. Such decisions guide caregivers, social workers, and authorities in actions affecting the individual.	最佳利益決定是指代表兒童或弱勢人士作出的任何決策，必須將其福祉、安全、成長和健康置於其他因素之上。此類決策指導照顧者、社工及相關機構在處理涉及該人士的事務時採取行動。	Guardianship of Minors Ordinance (Cap. 13) — requires guardians to make decisions in the child’s best interests. Children and Young Persons Ordinance (Cap. 213) — child protection decisions must prioritize welfare. Social Welfare Department guidelines — emphasize best interests in decisions for vulnerable adults and children.
Bullying	欺凌	Bullying refers to repeated, intentional behavior that causes physical, emotional, or psychological harm to another person. It can include verbal abuse, physical aggression, social exclusion, or cyberbullying, and often involves an imbalance of power between the perpetrator and the victim.	欺凌是指反覆、有意的行為，對他人造成身體、情緒或心理上的傷害。形式包括言語辱罵、身體攻擊、社交排斥或網絡欺凌，通常涉及施害者與受害者之間的權力不平衡。	Education Ordinance (Cap. 279) & Education Bureau Guidelines — schools are required to implement anti-bullying policies and measures. Social Welfare Department (SWD) Guidelines — provide support and intervention for children experiencing bullying. Cybersecurity and Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — addresses online harassment and cyberbullying.	In Hong Kong, a study indicated that nearly a third of young people have engaged in cyberbullying, highlighting the prevalence of online aggression among adolescents. Additionally, the Education Bureau received 47 reports related to school bullying over three school years, with physical and verbal attacks being the most common forms.
Child Abuse Linked to Faith & Belief	與信仰或宗教有關的兒童虐待	Child abuse linked to faith and belief refers to situations where a child is harmed or abused because of spiritual or religious beliefs, such as accusations of witchcraft, possession, or practices justified by faith traditions.	與信仰或宗教有關的兒童虐待是指基於靈性或宗教信仰而對兒童造成傷害或虐待的情況，例如指控兒童施行巫術、附身，或以信仰傳統為理由進行的虐待行為。	Offences against the Person Ordinance (Cap. 212) — criminalizes physical harm, assault, or wounding, regardless of motivation. Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — empowers authorities to intervene when a child suffers abuse, including abuse linked to faith or belief. Bill of Rights Ordinance (Cap. 383) — protects children from degrading or harmful treatment, even if culturally or religiously motivated Social Welfare Department Guidelines — recognize cultural and belief-related practices as potential forms of child abuse requiring safeguarding action.
Child Criminal Exploitation (CCE)	兒童刑事剝削	Child Criminal Exploitation (CCE) refers to situations where children are manipulated, coerced, or forced into participating in criminal activities, such as drug trafficking, theft, or other illegal acts, often by adults or older peers, for the benefit of others.	兒童刑事剝削是指兒童被操控、脅迫或強迫參與刑事活動，如販毒、盜竊或其他非法行為，通常是為了他人的利益，由成年人或年長同儕進行操控	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminal liability applies to adults who coerce or involve children in criminal activities. Children and Young Persons Ordinance (Cap. 213) — protects children from exploitation and abuse, including criminal exploitation. Social Welfare Department (SWD) Guidelines — provide intervention strategies and support for children at risk of criminal exploitation.
Child Protection	兒童保護	Child protection refers to the measures and practices designed to prevent and respond to abuse, neglect, exploitation, and harm to children. It involves safeguarding children’s welfare, ensuring their safety, and promoting their healthy development.	兒童保護是指為防止及應對兒童遭受虐待、忽視、剝削及傷害而制定的措施與做法，包括保障兒童福祉、確保安全，以及促進健康成長。	Children and Young Persons Ordinance (Cap. 213) — establishes the statutory framework for child protection, including reporting obligations. Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminalizes acts of abuse, neglect, or exploitation against children. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide procedures for identifying, reporting, and responding to child protection concerns. Education Ordinance (Cap. 279) — requires schools to implement child protection policies and safeguarding measures.
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)	兒童性剝削	Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) refers to situations where a child is coerced, manipulated, or deceived into engaging in sexual activity, often in exchange for money, gifts, favors, or other forms of gain. It includes both online and offline sexual exploitation.	兒童性剝削是指兒童被脅迫、操控或欺騙參與性活動，通常以金錢、禮物、好處或其他利益作交換，包括線上與線下的性剝削行為。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminalizes sexual abuse and exploitation of children. Children and Young Persons Ordinance (Cap. 213) — mandates protection of children from sexual exploitation and abuse. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide procedures for identifying, reporting, and supporting children at risk of sexual exploitation. Police Child Protection Units — investigate and intervene in cases of child sexual exploitation.
Child/Children	兒童	A child refers to a person under the age of 18. Children are considered to have particular rights and protections under the law due to their age, dependency, and developmental needs.	兒童指未滿18歲的人。由於年齡、依賴性及發展需要，兒童在法律下享有特別的權利和保護。	Children and Young Persons Ordinance (Cap. 213) — defines a child as under 18 and provides statutory protections against abuse, neglect, and exploitation. Guardianship of Minors Ordinance (Cap. 13) — governs parental or guardian responsibilities for children. Education Ordinance (Cap. 279) — ensures children’s right to education and safety within schools.
Children Missing in Education	失學兒童	Children Missing in Education (CME) refers to children who are not enrolled in or attending school, and whose whereabouts or educational status are unknown. This can indicate risks such as neglect, exploitation, or social vulnerability.	失學兒童是指未入學或未按規定上學，且其下落或教育狀況不明的兒童。這可能反映兒童面臨忽視、剝削或社會脆弱等風險。	Education Ordinance (Cap. 279) — requires compulsory school attendance for children aged 6 to 15. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — monitor and intervene when children are missing from school to ensure protection and access to education. Child Protection Framework — CME is considered a safeguarding concern, triggering investigation and support services.
Code of Conduct	行為守則	A Code of Conduct is a set of rules and guidelines that outline acceptable and expected behavior for individuals within an organization or professional setting, ensuring safety, professionalism, and ethical practice.	行為守則是指一系列規則和指引，用於規範組織或專業環境中個人的可接受行為和期望行為，以確保安全、專業及倫理實踐。	Education Ordinance (Cap. 279) & Education Bureau Guidelines — require schools to implement codes of conduct for staff and students to ensure child safety. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — recommend codes of conduct for care staff and service providers in child and adult protection services. Professional Bodies’ Codes — various professional regulatory bodies (e.g., Hong Kong Social Workers Registration Board) mandate adherence to ethical and behavioral standards.
Coercive behaviour	脅迫行為	Coercive behaviour refers to actions intended to force, intimidate, or manipulate another person into doing something against their will, often through threats, pressure, or psychological manipulation.	脅迫行為是指通過威脅、施壓或心理操控，使他人違背意願而採取行動的行為。	Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — covers coercive and controlling behaviours within domestic settings. Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminalizes threats, harassment, and other coercive acts that harm others. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide procedures to identify, report, and intervene in cases involving coercive behaviour.
Coercive Control	脅迫性控制	Coercive control refers to a pattern of behavior by one person towards another that is controlling, manipulative, or threatening, designed to dominate and restrict the other person’s freedom, often in intimate or domestic relationships	脅迫性控制是指一個人在親密或家庭關係中對另一個人採取的控制、操控或威脅行為，旨在支配並限制對方的自由	Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — addresses patterns of controlling or abusive behavior within families. Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — can criminalize acts of harassment, threats, or coercion that form part of coercive control. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide procedures for identifying, reporting, and supporting victims of coercive control.
Concern/ Complaint	關注／投訴	A concern or complaint refers to any report or expression regarding potential harm, abuse, neglect, or misconduct affecting a child, adult, or vulnerable person. It can be raised by anyone and triggers investigation or safeguarding action.	關注事項或投訴是指任何有關兒童、成年人或弱勢人士可能受到傷害、虐待、忽視或不當行為的報告或表達。任何人均可提出，並會啟動調查或保護行動。	Children and Young Persons Ordinance (Cap. 213) — mandates reporting of suspected child abuse. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — establish procedures for handling concerns or complaints about abuse or neglect. Public Service Regulations — provide channels for complaints and reporting misconduct in public and social services.
Confidentiality	保密性	Confidentiality refers to the ethical and legal duty to protect personal information shared in trust, ensuring it is not disclosed without proper authorization, except when disclosure is necessary to safeguard the individual or comply with the law.	保密是指在信任基礎上保護個人資訊的倫理及法律責任，未經授權不得披露，惟在為保障個人安全或遵守法律時可例外。	Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Cap. 486) — regulates the collection, use, and disclosure of personal data. Children and Young Persons Ordinance (Cap. 213) — allows disclosure of information when reporting child abuse. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — mandate confidentiality while enabling necessary information sharing for safeguarding.
Consent	同意	Consent is the voluntary agreement of an individual with the full understanding of the relevant information, implications, and potential consequences, allowing actions or decisions to proceed.	同意是指個人在充分理解相關資訊、影響及可能後果的情況下，自願表示同意，使某行動或決策得以進行。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — consent is a key factor in distinguishing lawful from unlawful sexual activity. Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Cap. 486) — requires consent for the collection and use of personal data. Medical Practitioners Ordinance (Cap. 161) & Department of Health Guidelines — consent is essential for medical treatment and intervention.
Consultation	諮詢	Consultation is the process of seeking advice, information, or opinions from relevant professionals, stakeholders, or affected individuals to inform decisions, ensure appropriate action, and promote best outcomes.	諮詢是指向相關專業人員、利益相關者或受影響人士尋求建議、資訊或意見，以作出決策、確保適當行動並促進最佳結果的過程。	Children and Young Persons Ordinance (Cap. 213) — encourages consultation among social workers, educators, and law enforcement when assessing child protection concerns. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — require consultation with relevant professionals in care planning for children and vulnerable adults. Education Bureau Guidelines — mandate consultation with parents, teachers, and specialists in student welfare matters.
Contemporaneous Notes	即時記錄	Contemporaneous notes are written records made at the time an event occurs or as soon as reasonably possible afterwards, documenting observations, decisions, or actions for accuracy, accountability, and safeguarding purposes.	即時紀錄是指在事件發生時或盡快後所作的書面紀錄，用於準確記錄觀察、決策或行動，以確保問責及保障安全。	Social Welfare Department Guidelines — require contemporaneous recording in child protection and adult safeguarding cases to maintain accurate documentation. Education Bureau Guidelines — mandate timely record-keeping of incidents involving students. Professional Practice Standards (e.g., social work, healthcare) — emphasize contemporaneous notes for accountability, evidence, and safeguarding.
Controlling Behaviour	控制性行為	Controlling behaviour refers to acts by an individual that restrict another person’s autonomy, freedom, or decision-making. It often occurs within intimate or domestic relationships and can include monitoring, limiting contact with others, or dictating everyday activities.	控制行為是指個人限制他人自主權、自由或決策能力的行為，通常發生於親密或家庭關係中，包括監控、限制與他人接觸或支配日常活動。	Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — recognizes controlling behaviours as part of domestic abuse. Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — may apply to acts involving threats, harassment, or coercion. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide identification and intervention procedures for victims of controlling behaviour. Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — may apply to acts involving threats, harassment, or coercion. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide identification and intervention procedures for victims of controlling behaviour.
Corporal Punishment	體罰	Corporal punishment refers to the use of physical force with the intention of causing pain or discomfort as a method of discipline.	體罰是指以身體力量造成疼痛或不適，作為管教手段的行為。	Education Ordinance (Cap. 279) — prohibits corporal punishment in schools. Children and Young Persons Ordinance (Cap. 213) — prohibits parents or guardians from inflicting physical punishment that constitutes abuse. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — discourage corporal punishment and promote positive discipline practices.
Crime	罪行	A crime is an act or omission that constitutes an offence under the law and is punishable by legal sanctions, including fines, imprisonment, or other penalties.	罪行是指根據法律構成犯罪的行為或不作為，並可受到罰款、監禁或其他法律處分。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — defines and regulates various criminal offences, including offences against children and vulnerable adults. Criminal Procedure Ordinance (Cap. 221) — provides the legal framework for prosecution and trial of crimes. Police Force Ordinance (Cap. 232) — outlines law enforcement responsibilities in investigating and preventing crimes.
Cuckooing	寄生式犯罪	Cuckooing refers to a form of exploitation where an offender takes over a person’s home, often a vulnerable adult, to use it for criminal activities such as drug dealing, trafficking, or other illegal purposes.	寄生式犯罪是指施害者入侵並控制弱勢人士的住所，用於販毒、走私或其他非法活動的一種剝削行為。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminalizes unlawful occupation, trespassing, and exploitation-related offences. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — identify vulnerable adults at risk of exploitation, including through cuckooing, and provide support and intervention measures. Police Force Ordinance (Cap. 232) — enables law enforcement intervention in cases of illegal use of premises.
Cyberbullying	網絡欺凌	Cyberbullying refers to the use of digital technologies, such as social media, messaging apps, or online platforms, to harass, intimidate, threaten, or humiliate another person, causing emotional or psychological harm.	網絡欺凌是指利用數碼科技，例如社交媒體、訊息應用或網上平台，對他人進行騷擾、恐嚇、威脅或羞辱，造成情緒或心理上的傷害。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — covers harassment, threats, and communications intended to cause distress. Education Ordinance (Cap. 279) & EDB Guidelines — schools must implement policies to prevent and respond to cyberbullying among students. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide support and intervention for children and vulnerable individuals experiencing online abuse.
DDSL (Deputy Designated Safeguarding Lead)/DSO (Deputy Safeguarding Officer)	副指定保護負責人／安全保障副主任	A Deputy Designated Safeguarding Lead (DDSL) or Deputy Safeguarding Officer (DSO) is a staff member appointed to support the Designated Safeguarding Lead (DSL) in coordinating and overseeing safeguarding and child protection procedures, and to act in the DSL’s absence.	副指定保護負責人或安全保障副主任是被任命以協助指定保護負責人（DSL）或安全保障主任（SO）協調及監督保護和兒童保護程序的職員，並在DSL/SO缺席時代理其職責。	Education Ordinance (Cap. 279) & EDB Guidelines — schools should designate deputies to ensure continuous child protection coverage. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — recommend appointing deputies in care organizations to maintain safeguarding oversight. Children and Young Persons Ordinance (Cap. 213) — establishes reporting requirements that the DDSL helps manage in coordination with the DSL.
Debt Bondage	債務束縛	Debt bondage refers to a situation where a person is forced to work or provide services to repay a debt under unfair, exploitative, or coercive conditions, often resulting in loss of freedom and abuse.	債務束縛是指個人被迫在不公平、剝削或脅迫的條件下工作或提供服務，以償還債務，通常導致失去自由並受到虐待。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminalizes forced labour and exploitation. Immigration Ordinance (Cap. 115) — addresses trafficking or coercion of foreign workers. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide identification and support measures for adults and children at risk of exploitation.
Defensible Decision Making	可辯護的決策	Defensible decision making refers to the process of making professional or safeguarding decisions that are well-documented, evidence-based, and consistent with legal, ethical, and organisational standards, so that the rationale can be justified if reviewed.	可辯護決策是指作出專業或保護相關決策的過程，需有完整記錄、以證據為依據，並符合法律、倫理及機構標準，以便在審查時能夠合理解釋決策依據。	Social Welfare Department Guidelines — require documented, evidence-based decision-making in child and adult safeguarding cases. Children and Young Persons Ordinance (Cap. 213) — emphasizes accountability in decisions affecting child welfare. Professional Practice Standards (e.g., social work, healthcare) — mandate defensible decision-making and documentation for safeguarding and care interventions.
Disclosure	披露	Disclosure means someone revealing experiences of abuse, neglect, or harm, whether directly or indirectly; it may also refer to the release of safeguarding-related information by authorities.	披露是指一個人直接或間接地透露曾經或正在遭受虐待、疏忽或傷害；亦可指當局正式公開與保障有關的資訊。
Discriminatory Abuse	歧視性虐待	Discriminatory abuse refers to actions, treatment, or behaviour that harms, marginalizes, or undermines an individual based on personal characteristics such as race, gender, disability, religion, sexual orientation, or age.	歧視性虐待是指基於個人特徵（如種族、性別、殘疾、宗教、性取向或年齡）而對個人造成傷害、邊緣化或削弱其權益的行為或對待。	Race Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 602), Sex Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 480), Disability Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 487), Family Status Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 527) — prohibit discriminatory acts in various settings. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — promote equal treatment and protection from discriminatory abuse for children and vulnerable adults. Education Bureau Guidelines — schools are required to prevent and address discrimination among students and staff.
Do No Harm	不造成傷害	“Do No Harm” is a principle requiring that all actions, interventions, or decisions in professional, care, or safeguarding contexts should avoid causing physical, psychological, or social harm to the individual.	「不造成傷害」是指在專業、照顧或保護相關行動與決策中，應避免對個人造成身體、心理或社會上的傷害。	Children and Young Persons Ordinance (Cap. 213) — requires protection of children from harm in all interventions. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — emphasize minimizing harm when intervening with vulnerable adults or children. Professional Codes of Conduct (e.g., social work, healthcare) — embed “do no harm” as a core ethical principle.
Domestic Violence and/or Abuse	家庭暴力	Domestic violence and/or abuse refers to any act of physical, psychological, sexual, or financial harm or controlling behaviour between family members or intimate partners. It includes threats, coercion, harassment, or other abusive conduct that causes distress or endangers safety.	家庭暴力及虐待是指家庭成員或親密伴侶之間的身體、心理、性或財務傷害行為或控制行為，包括威脅、脅迫、騷擾或其他造成痛苦或危害安全的虐待行為。	Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — provides protection orders and criminal sanctions against domestic abuse. Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminalizes acts such as assault, harassment, or threats in domestic settings. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — outline procedures for identifying, reporting, and supporting victims of domestic violence. Police Force Ordinance (Cap. 232) — enables law enforcement to investigate domestic abuse cases.	In Hong Kong, police recorded over 1,200 criminal cases of domestic violence in 2023, marking the highest number since 2019. Among victims who sought assistance, more than 70% reported experiencing physical violence, 47% faced mental abuse, and 20% endured both types of violence.
Doxxing	起底／惡意公開個人資料	Doxxing is the act of maliciously publishing or disclosing another person’s personal data (such as name, address, phone number, workplace, or family details) without consent, often with the intent to harass, intimidate, or cause harm.	起底（或惡意公開個人資料）是指未經同意，惡意公開他人個人資料（如姓名、住址、電話、工作地點或家庭資料），通常帶有騷擾、恐嚇或傷害的目的。	Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Cap. 486): Amended in 2021 to specifically criminalise doxxing acts, with powers given to the Privacy Commissioner to investigate and prosecute offenders. Offenders may also face charges under the Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) for harassment or intimidation if relevant.
DSL (Designated Safeguarding Lead)/SO (Safeguarding Officer)	指定保護負責人／安全保障主任	A Designated Safeguarding Lead (DSL) or Safeguarding Officer (SO) is a senior staff member in an organization, typically a school or care service, responsible for coordinating and overseeing safeguarding and child protection procedures, ensuring concerns are reported and addressed appropriately.	指定保護負責人或安全保障主任是組織（通常為學校或護理服務）中的高級職員，負責協調和監督保護及兒童保護程序，確保相關關注事項得到適當報告和處理。	Education Ordinance (Cap. 279) & EDB Guidelines — schools must designate staff responsible for child protection. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — require care organizations to appoint a safeguarding lead for vulnerable adults and children. Children and Young Persons Ordinance (Cap. 213) — outlines reporting obligations that the DSL helps to manage.
Duty of Candour	誠實告知責任	Duty of candour refers to the obligation of professionals and organizations to be open and honest with service users or their families when things go wrong, including disclosing mistakes, apologizing, and explaining the consequences.	誠實告知責任是指專業人士及機構在服務過程中出現失誤時，對服務使用者或其家屬保持開放和誠實，包括披露錯誤、道歉及說明後果。	Hospital Authority Guidelines — emphasize transparency and disclosure in medical incidents. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — require honesty in reporting and addressing safeguarding or care failures. Professional Codes of Conduct (e.g., social work, healthcare) — mandate disclosure of errors and transparent communication with clients.
Duty of Care	照顧責任	Duty of care refers to the legal and professional obligation to take reasonable steps to ensure the safety, well-being, and protection of others, particularly children, vulnerable adults, or service users.	注意責任／照顧責任是指法律及專業上有義務採取合理措施，確保他人（尤其是兒童、弱勢成年人或服務使用者）的安全、福祉和保護。	Children and Young Persons Ordinance (Cap. 213) — imposes duty of care on parents, guardians, and professionals dealing with children. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — require staff to exercise duty of care in safeguarding adults and children. Common Law Principles — establish general duty of care obligations in professional and caregiving contexts.
Emotional Abuse	情緒虐待	Emotional abuse refers to behaviour that harms a child’s, adult’s, or vulnerable person’s feelings, self-esteem, and emotional well-being. It includes constant criticism, humiliation, rejection, or isolation, causing distress and damaging confidence and dignity, often without direct physical harm. It is distinct from psychological abuse, which primarily affects mental processes, cognition, and long-term psychological functioning.	情緒虐待是指對兒童、成年人或弱勢人士的感受、自尊及情緒健康造成傷害的行為，包括持續批評、羞辱、拒絕或孤立，導致痛苦並損害自信和尊嚴，通常不涉及直接的身體傷害。情緒虐待不同於心理虐待，後者主要影響個人的思維、認知及長期心理功能。	Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — empowers authorities to intervene when children are emotionally abused. Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — recognises emotional abuse as a form of domestic maltreatment. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — outline procedures for identifying, reporting, and supporting victims of emotional abuse.
Evidence	證據	In safeguarding, evidence refers to any information, material, or testimony that helps establish what happened in relation to abuse, harm, or unsafe situations. This can include physical items, digital records, witness accounts, professional reports, or any documentation that supports the investigation or informs protective actions.	在保障程序中，證據是指有助於了解虐待、傷害或不安全情況發生經過的任何資料、物品或證言，包括實物、電子紀錄、證人描述、專業報告，或任何能支持調查和採取保護措施的紀錄。
Fabricated or Induced Illness	捏造或誘發疾病	Fabricated or induced illness (FII) is a form of abuse where a parent or caregiver deliberately falsifies, exaggerates, or induces health problems in a child or dependent person, leading to unnecessary medical treatment or harm.	捏造或誘發疾病是指父母或照顧者故意捏造、誇大或誘發兒童或受扶養人的健康問題，導致其接受不必要的醫療或遭受傷害的一種虐待形式。	Offences against the Person Ordinance (Cap. 212) — criminalizes acts causing bodily harm, including deliberately inducing illness. Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — empowers authorities to intervene when a child is being harmed through fabricated or induced illness. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — identify FII as a form of child abuse requiring multidisciplinary intervention.
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)	女性生殖器切割	Female genital mutilation (FGM) refers to all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs, for non-medical reasons.	女性生殖器切割是指出於非醫療原因，對女性外生殖器進行部分或全部切除，或對女性生殖器造成其他傷害的任何行為。	There is currently no specific legislation in Hong Kong directly prohibiting FGM. Offences against the Person Ordinance (Cap. 212) — criminalizes acts causing bodily harm or wounding, which would encompass FGM. Basic Law and Bill of Rights Ordinance (Cap. 383) — protect individuals from cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, which FGM would constitute. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — treat FGM as a form of child abuse and gender-based violence requiring intervention.
Financial Abuse or Material Abuse	財務或物質虐待	Financial or material abuse involves the illegal or improper use of an individual’s money, property, or assets without their consent, often targeting vulnerable persons such as the elderly or those with disabilities.	財務或物質虐待是指在未經個人同意的情況下，非法或不當使用其金錢、財產或資產，常見於針對長者或殘疾人士的情況	Theft Ordinance (Cap. 210) — criminalizes theft, fraud, and dishonest appropriation of property. Mental Health Ordinance (Cap. 136) — provides safeguards for managing property and affairs of individuals lacking capacity. Social Welfare Department Elder Abuse Guidelines — identify financial exploitation as a form of elder abuse requiring intervention. Guardianship of Minors Ordinance (Cap. 13) — protects children from exploitation of their property and assets.
Financial Scam	金融詐騙	A financial scam is a deliberate attempt to deceive someone for financial gain, often through fraud, manipulation, or false promises.	金融詐騙是指以欺騙手段謀取金錢利益，包括欺詐、操控或虛假承諾。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200), Sections on Obtaining Property by Deception — criminalises fraudulent acquisition of money or property. Trade Descriptions Ordinance (Cap. 362) — prohibits false trade claims and misleading practices. Hong Kong Police Force / Scam Awareness Resources — public campaigns provide advice on recognising and preventing financial scams, particularly for vulnerable groups.
Forced Marriage	強迫婚姻	Forced marriage is a marriage in which one or both of the parties are married without his or her consent or against his or her will. A forced marriage differs from an arranged marriage, in which both parties consent to the assistance of their parents or a third party (such as a matchmaker) in identifying a spouse. Duress is involved. Duress can include physical, physiological, financial, sexual and emotional pressure.	強迫婚姻是指一方或雙方未經其同意或違背其意願而結婚的婚姻。強迫婚姻不同於包辦婚姻，包辦婚姻是指雙方同意由其父母或第三方（例如媒人）協助確定配偶。強迫婚姻涉及脅迫。脅迫可能包括身體、生理、經濟、性和情緒上的壓力。	Marriage Ordinance (Cap. 181) — requires valid consent for marriage; a marriage without free consent may be voidable. Offences against the Person Ordinance (Cap. 212) — criminalizes threats, coercion, or assault used to force a marriage. Basic Law & Bill of Rights Ordinance (Cap. 383) — safeguard the right to free marriage choice. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — treat forced marriage as a safeguarding concern, particularly where children or vulnerable adults are involved.
Gang and Youth Violence	幫派與青少年暴力	Gang and youth violence refers to criminal or violent behaviour involving young people, often linked to triads, gangs, or peer groups, including assault, drug-related crimes, and exploitation.	幫派及青少年暴力是指青少年參與的犯罪或暴力行為，通常與三合會、幫派或朋輩團體有關，包括襲擊、涉毒罪行及被剝削行為。	Societies Ordinance (Cap. 151) — prohibits unlawful societies, including triads and gangs. Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) & Public Order Ordinance (Cap. 245) — criminalize violent and disorderly conduct. Education Bureau Guidelines — require schools to prevent and intervene in youth gang-related violence. Social Welfare Department Youth at Risk Services — provide intervention for young people vulnerable to gang involvement.
Gaslighting	煤氣燈效應	Gaslighting is a form of psychological manipulation where an abuser seeks to make a person doubt their own perception, memory, or sanity, causing confusion and undermining their confidence and autonomy.	煤氣燈效應是一種心理操控手法，加害者令受害者懷疑自己對現實、記憶或精神狀態的判斷，從而引起混亂，削弱其自信和自主能力。
Gender-Based Violence	性別暴力	Gender-based violence refers to harmful acts directed at an individual based on their gender, including physical, sexual, psychological, or economic abuse, disproportionately affecting women and girls.	性別暴力是指基於性別而對個人施加的有害行為，包括身體、性、心理或經濟上的虐待，女性和女孩尤為受影響。	Sex Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 480) — prohibits discrimination and harassment based on sex. Domestic and Cohabitation Relationships Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — provides remedies and protection against gender-based violence in domestic settings. Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminalizes sexual offences, assault, and harassment, including gender-based acts. Social Welfare Department & EOC Guidelines — emphasize safeguarding measures and support for victims of gender-based violence.
Grooming	操控誘導	Grooming is the act of building a relationship, trust, or emotional connection with a child or vulnerable person to manipulate, exploit, or abuse them sexually or criminally.	操控誘導是指與兒童或弱勢人士建立關係、信任或情感聯繫，從而操控、剝削或性侵害他們的行為。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminalizes indecent conduct towards children, sexual grooming, and related preparatory offences. Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse Policy (SWD Guidelines) — recognize grooming as a high-risk precursor to abuse and set out safeguarding measures. Education Bureau & Police Force Guidelines — provide preventive frameworks to protect children from online and offline grooming.
Hate Crime	仇恨犯罪	Hate crime refers to criminal acts motivated by bias or prejudice against a person’s race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, gender, or other protected characteristics, intending to intimidate, harm, or discriminate.	仇恨犯罪是指基於對個人的種族、宗教、殘疾、性取向、性別或其他受保護特徵的偏見或歧視而實施的犯罪行為，旨在恐嚇、傷害或歧視。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminalizes assault, harassment, and intimidation, including bias-motivated acts. Race Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 602), Sex Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 480), Disability Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 487) — provide additional protection against hate-motivated conduct. Police Force Guidelines — classify and respond to hate crimes, providing support to affected individuals.
Homelessness	無家可歸	Homelessness refers to the condition of lacking stable, safe, and adequate housing, which may include living on the streets, in temporary shelters, or in insecure accommodations.	無家可歸是指缺乏穩定、安全及適當居所的狀況，包括在街頭、臨時庇護所或不穩定住宿環境中生活。	Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide support services for homeless individuals, including emergency accommodation, counselling, and rehabilitation programs. Public Health and Municipal Ordinances — address the health, safety, and welfare needs of persons without stable housing. Housing Ordinance (Cap. 283) — outlines the government’s responsibility to assist individuals in securing accommodation.
Honour-Based Violence	榮譽相關暴力	Honour-based violence refers to acts of abuse, coercion, or punishment carried out to protect or defend the perceived honour of a family or community, often targeting women or children who are perceived to have brought shame.	榮譽相關暴力是指為維護或捍衛家庭或社區的「榮譽」而實施的虐待、脅迫或懲罰行為，通常針對被認為帶來恥辱的女性或兒童。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminalizes assault, harassment, threats, and coercive acts regardless of motive. Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — provides protection for victims of violence within the family. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — recognize honour-based violence as a form of abuse requiring intervention, particularly for children and vulnerable adults.
Human Trafficking	人口販運	Human trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of persons through coercion, deception, abduction, abuse of power, or exploitation, for purposes such as forced labour, sexual exploitation, or servitude.	人口販運是指透過脅迫、欺騙、綁架、濫用權力或剝削等手段，招募、運送、轉移、收留或接收人士，以進行強迫勞動、性剝削或奴役等目的。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200): Criminalises trafficking for prostitution and related exploitation offences. Immigration Ordinance (Cap. 115): Prohibits unlawful entry, detention, and control of persons. Hong Kong courts also recognise obligations under international law, including the Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons, which China (and by extension Hong Kong) has ratified.
Indecent Images of Children	兒童猥褻影像	Indecent images of children are visual representations of anyone under 18 engaged in sexually explicit conduct, posed in a sexual way, or otherwise depicted in an indecent manner. This includes photographs, videos, digital images, and pseudo-images (e.g. computer-generated).	兒童猥褻影像是指任何未滿18歲人士涉及性行為、帶有性暗示的姿態，或以其他猥褻方式展示的影像，包括照片、影片、數碼圖片及仿真影像（如電腦合成）。
Informed Consent	知情同意	Informed consent refers to the voluntary agreement to a proposed intervention or action, given by a person who has received and understood all relevant information, including risks, benefits, and alternatives.	知情同意是指在個人充分了解所有相關資訊（包括風險、益處及替代方案）的情況下，自願同意進行建議的行動或干預。	Medical Council of Hong Kong – Professional Code and Conduct — requires practitioners to obtain informed consent before medical treatment. Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Cap. 486) — requires informed consent for collection and use of personal data. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — emphasize informed consent in interventions for children and vulnerable adults.
Institutional Abuse	機構性虐待	Institutional abuse refers to maltreatment, neglect, or poor practice within an organisation or institution, where the structure, culture, or routines cause harm or fail to protect children, adults, or vulnerable persons.	機構性虐待是指在組織或機構內發生的虐待、疏忽或不當行為，其結構、文化或運作程序導致傷害或未能保障兒童、成年人或弱勢人士。	Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide safeguarding procedures to prevent and respond to institutional abuse in residential or care settings. Education Bureau Guidelines — require schools and childcare institutions to have policies preventing harm caused by institutional practices. Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — empowers intervention when institutional abuse affects children.
Interim Care Order	臨時照顧令	An Interim Care Order is a temporary legal order issued by a court to place a child under the care of a local authority or designated guardian when there is immediate concern for the child’s safety or welfare, pending a full hearing.	臨時照顧令是指法院發出的臨時法令，將兒童置於地方當局或指定監護人的照顧下，以應對兒童安全或福祉的即時關注，直至正式聆訊完成。	Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — empowers the court to issue interim care or protection orders when a child is at risk. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — outline procedures for applying, implementing, and reviewing interim care orders. Children and Juveniles Social Services Regulations — govern the temporary care arrangements under such orders.
Maltreatment	不當對待	Maltreatment is a broader, non-statutory term used in guidance and policy to encompass both abuse and neglect. It includes any act or omission that causes harm, potential harm, or risk of harm to a child, adult, or vulnerable person, whether intentional or unintentional.	不當對待是一個在指引及政策中使用的廣義術語，涵蓋虐待及疏忽。它包括任何對兒童、成年人或弱勢人士造成傷害、潛在傷害或傷害風險的行為或不作為，無論是否有意。	Social Welfare Department Guidelines — use “maltreatment” to describe the spectrum of harm, including neglect and abuse, in safeguarding procedures. Education Bureau Guidelines — adopt the term in child protection frameworks to ensure all risks are identified and managed. Note: Hong Kong law does not formally define “maltreatment”, but the concept is useful in safeguarding practice to cover both abuse and neglect.
Mandatory Reporting	法定舉報義務	Mandatory reporting refers to the legal requirement for certain professionals or organisations to report suspicions or knowledge of child abuse, neglect, or harm to relevant authorities, ensuring timely intervention and protection.	法定舉報義務是指某些專業人士或機構依法必須向相關當局報告對兒童虐待、疏忽或傷害的懷疑或知情，以確保及時干預和保護。	Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — establishes the statutory duty for teachers, social workers, medical practitioners, and other designated professionals to report suspected child abuse. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide procedural guidance for reporting and follow-up on suspected abuse. Education Bureau Guidelines — outline the reporting responsibilities of school staff and designated safeguarding personnel. Note: Cap. 650 (Criminal Procedure Ordinance) deals with general criminal reporting and procedures, but it does not create a specific duty to report child abuse.
Mental Capacity	精神能力／決策能力	Mental capacity refers to an individual’s ability to understand, retain, and weigh relevant information to make an informed decision, and to communicate that decision effectively.	精神能力／決策能力是指個人理解、記憶及評估相關資訊以作出知情決策，並能有效表達該決策的能力。	Mental Health Ordinance (Cap. 136) — provides guidance on determining capacity in relation to medical treatment and consent. Medical Council of Hong Kong – Professional Code and Conduct — requires assessment of patient capacity before treatment. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — emphasise assessing mental capacity in safeguarding and decision-making for vulnerable adults.
Mental Health	心裡健康/精神健康	Mental health refers to a person’s emotional, psychological, and social well-being, affecting how they think, feel, and behave, and enabling them to cope with stress, relate to others, and make decisions.	心理健康/精神健康是指個人的情緒、心理及社會福祉，影響其思考、感受和行為，並使其能應對壓力、與他人建立關係及作出決策。	Mental Health Ordinance (Cap. 136) — provides for the assessment, treatment, and care of persons with mental disorders. Hospital Authority Guidelines — outline standards for mental health care and safeguarding of patients. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — include provisions for supporting vulnerable individuals experiencing mental health issues.
Modern Slavery	現代奴役	Modern slavery refers to situations where individuals are exploited and deprived of their freedom for personal or commercial gain, including human trafficking, forced labour, debt bondage, and exploitation through coercion or deception.	現代奴役是指個人被剝削並失去自由，以滿足他人或商業利益，包括人口販運、強迫勞動、債務奴役，以及透過脅迫或欺騙進行的各類剝削。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200): Prohibits trafficking in persons and related exploitation offences. Immigration Ordinance (Cap. 115): Addresses unlawful entry, detention, and control of persons. Employment Ordinance (Cap. 57): Provides protections against forced labour and exploitation in the workplace. Hong Kong does not have a standalone Modern Slavery Act, but relevant protections are covered under the above ordinances and international commitments (e.g. the Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons).
Neglect and Acts of Omission	忽視與疏忽行為	Neglect and acts of omission refer to the failure to provide adequate care, supervision, or protection, resulting in harm or risk of harm to a child, adult, or vulnerable person. This includes failing to meet basic physical, emotional, medical, or educational needs.	忽視與疏忽行為是指未能提供足夠的照顧、監督或保護，導致兒童、成年人或弱勢人士受到傷害或面臨傷害風險，包括未能滿足基本的身體、情緒、醫療或教育需求。	Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — empowers intervention when a child suffers harm due to neglect or omission. Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — covers neglect or omission within domestic settings. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — outline procedures for identifying and responding to neglect and omissions affecting children and vulnerable adults.
No Delay	不延誤原則	“No Delay” refers to the principle that concerns or suspicions of abuse, neglect, or harm to children, young people, or vulnerable adults should be reported and acted upon immediately. Timely intervention is critical to safeguard individuals at risk, prevent further harm, and comply with legal and organisational safeguarding responsibilities.	「不延誤原則」指，對兒童、青少年或弱勢成年人受到虐待、忽略或傷害的懷疑或關注，應立即報告並採取行動。及時干預對保障受害者安全、防止進一步傷害，以及遵守法律與機構的保障責任至關重要。	Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — requires prompt reporting of child abuse or neglect. Social Welfare Department Child Protection Guidelines — emphasise immediate action upon receiving safeguarding concerns. Education Bureau Circulars on Safeguarding — instruct school staff to act without delay when concerns arise.
Peer-on-Peer Abuse	同儕間虐待	Peer-on-peer abuse refers to abuse inflicted by a child or young person on another child or young person, which can include physical, sexual, emotional abuse, bullying, or exploitation.	同儕間虐待是指兒童或青少年對其他兒童或青少年施加的虐待行為，包括身體虐待、性虐待、情緒虐待、欺凌或剝削。	Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — empowers authorities to intervene when children are harmed by peers. Education Bureau Guidelines — require schools to implement anti-bullying and safeguarding measures addressing peer-on-peer abuse. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide procedures for investigating and supporting victims and perpetrators among children and young people.
Physical Abuse	身體虐待	Physical abuse refers to the intentional use of physical force that causes, or has the potential to cause, injury, pain, or impairment to a child, adult, or vulnerable person.	身體虐待是指故意使用身體力量對兒童、成年人或弱勢人士造成或可能造成傷害、疼痛或功能受損的行為。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminalises assault, wounding, and bodily harm. Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — empowers authorities to intervene when children suffer physical abuse. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — outline identification, reporting, and intervention procedures for physical abuse.
Prejudice and Discrimination	偏見與歧視	Prejudice and discrimination refer to unfair treatment, negative attitudes, or biased actions towards individuals or groups based on characteristics such as race, religion, gender, disability, sexual orientation, or age.	偏見與歧視是指基於種族、宗教、性別、殘疾、性取向或年齡等特徵，對個人或群體施以不公平對待、持有負面態度或採取偏頗行動。	Race Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 602) — prohibits racial discrimination and harassment. Sex Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 480) — prohibits gender-based discrimination and harassment. Disability Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 487) — protects individuals from discrimination based on disability. Education Bureau Guidelines — require schools to prevent and address prejudice and discrimination among students.
Private Fostering	私人寄養	Private fostering refers to arrangements where a child under 18 lives with someone who is not their parent or legal guardian for 28 days or more, without formal care placement by the authorities, and where safeguarding responsibilities must be clarified.	私人寄養是指兒童（18歲以下）在未經當局正式安置的情況下，與非父母或法定監護人同住達28天或以上的安排，需明確保障兒童安全的責任。	Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — requires notification and safeguarding checks for non-parental long-term care arrangements. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — outline responsibilities of carers and monitoring procedures for private fostering. Education Bureau Guidelines — schools must be informed of private fostering arrangements for student safety and welfare.
Psychological Abuse	心理虐待	Psychological abuse refers to behaviour that deliberately manipulates, intimidates, or controls a child, adult, or vulnerable person, affecting their mental processes, decision-making, and sense of reality. It includes coercion, threats, gaslighting, or other actions that undermine autonomy and long-term psychological well-being. It is distinct from emotional abuse, which primarily harms feelings, self-esteem, and emotional well-being.	心理虐待是指故意操控、恐嚇或控制兒童、成年人或弱勢人士的行為，影響其思維、決策能力及現實感知，包括脅迫、威脅、操縱或其他削弱自主性和長期心理健康的行為。心理虐待不同於情緒虐待，後者主要傷害個人的感受、自尊和情緒健康。	Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — empowers intervention in cases of psychological abuse of children. Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — addresses psychological abuse within domestic settings. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide procedures for identifying, reporting, and supporting victims of psychological abuse.
Radicalisation	激進化	Radicalisation is the process by which individuals come to adopt extreme political, social, or religious beliefs that may lead to supporting or engaging in violence or terrorism.	激進化是指個人逐漸接受極端政治、社會或宗教信念，並可能因此支持或參與暴力或恐怖活動的過程。	Societies Ordinance (Cap. 151) — regulates unlawful societies and extremist groups. Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminalises incitement to violence or terrorism. Security Bureau Guidelines — provide frameworks for identifying, preventing, and responding to radicalisation, especially among youth. Education Bureau Guidelines — encourage awareness and preventative education to reduce susceptibility to radicalisation in schools.
Respondent	答辯人	A respondent is the person or party who must reply to a complaint, application, or allegation made against them in legal, safeguarding, or disciplinary proceedings.	答辯人是指在法律、保障或紀律程序中，需要回應投訴、申請或指控的一方。	The term “respondent” is commonly used in Hong Kong’s legal proceedings, including under the Rules of the High Court (Cap. 4A), Matrimonial Causes Rules (Cap. 179A), and in disciplinary or tribunal contexts (e.g. Equal Opportunities Tribunal under Sex Discrimination Ordinance, Cap. 480). In safeguarding contexts, “respondent” may refer to the subject of a complaint or allegation within institutional procedures.
Revenge Porn	復仇式色情	Revenge porn refers to the non-consensual sharing, distribution, or threat to distribute intimate images or videos of a person, typically to cause distress, humiliation, or harm.	報復性色情是指未經同意散播、分享或威脅散播個人的親密影像或影片，通常目的是造成痛苦、羞辱或傷害。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200), Sections 161 & 162A — criminalises disclosure of intimate images without consent. Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Cap. 486) — protects individuals’ privacy rights regarding personal images. Social Welfare Department & Police Guidelines — provide procedures for reporting, investigation, and victim support for cases of revenge porn.
Risk Assessment	風險評估	Risk assessment is the systematic process of identifying, analysing, and evaluating potential risks to an individual’s safety, welfare, or well-being, in order to implement appropriate safeguarding measures.	風險評估是指系統性識別、分析及評估對個人安全、福祉或健康可能造成的風險，以便採取適當的保護措施。	Social Welfare Department Guidelines — require risk assessments when intervening with children, vulnerable adults, or families at risk. Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — mandates assessment of risk when a child’s welfare is threatened. Education Bureau Guidelines — advise schools to conduct risk assessments for student safety and safeguarding matters.
Romance Scam	戀愛詐騙	A romance scam is a type of fraud in which a perpetrator deceives a victim by pretending romantic interest to gain trust, affection, or emotional connection, usually to exploit them financially or obtain personal information. Scammers often operate through dating apps, social media, or online platforms, fabricating stories of hardship, emergencies, or travel difficulties to manipulate victims into sending money or sharing sensitive information. Romance scams can cause significant financial loss, emotional distress, social isolation, and long-term distrust in relationships.	戀愛詐騙或交友詐騙是指詐騙者假裝對受害者有浪漫或情感興趣，以獲取信任並進行剝削，通常目的是金錢、個人資料或其他利益。受害者多透過交友應用程式、社交媒體或網絡平台被針對。詐騙者可能編造困境、緊急事件或旅遊限制的故事，誘使受害者匯款、送禮或提供敏感資料。戀愛詐騙會導致財務損失、情緒困擾、社交孤立，以及對人際關係產生長期的不信任。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200), Sections on Obtaining Property by Deception — criminalises fraud, including financial exploitation via deception. Telecommunications Ordinance (Cap. 106) — may cover online or phone-based scams. Hong Kong Police Force Scam Prevention & Awareness Resources — provide guidance for recognising, reporting, and protecting oneself from romantic scams.
Sadistic Online Exploitation	虐待型網上剝削	Sadistic Online Exploitation refers to the online targeting of individuals, often children or vulnerable persons, where the perpetrator derives pleasure from causing extreme physical, sexual, or psychological harm. This can involve coercion, manipulation, threats, or distribution of abusive material over digital platforms.	虐待型網絡剝削是指在網絡上針對個人（通常是兒童或弱勢人士）的行為，加害者從造成嚴重身體、性或心理傷害中獲得滿足。這類行為可能包括脅迫、操控、威脅或在數碼平台上傳播虐待資料。
Safeguarding	保障	Safeguarding refers to the proactive measures taken to protect the health, well-being, and human rights of children and vulnerable adults, ensuring they live free from abuse, neglect, or harm.	保障是指為兒童及弱勢成年人採取的積極措施，以保護其健康、福祉及人權，確保其免受虐待、疏忽或傷害。	Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — establishes the legal framework for safeguarding children. Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — safeguards individuals from abuse in domestic settings. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — outline procedures for safeguarding children and vulnerable adults, including reporting, assessment, and intervention.
Safeguarding Policy	保障政策	A safeguarding policy is a formal document outlining an organisation’s approach to protecting children, adults, and vulnerable persons from abuse, neglect, or harm, including procedures for reporting, prevention, and intervention.	保障政策是指組織用以保護兒童、成年人及弱勢人士免受虐待、疏忽或傷害的正式文件，包括報告、預防及干預程序。	Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — establishes the legal framework for child protection measures that should be reflected in policies. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — require organisations to implement safeguarding policies for children and vulnerable adults. Education Bureau Guidelines — mandate schools to maintain clear safeguarding policies covering prevention, reporting, and intervention procedures.
Safer Recruitment	安全招募	Safer recruitment refers to the process of attracting, selecting, and appointing staff or volunteers in ways that safeguard children, young people, and vulnerable adults from harm. It involves thorough vetting, reference checks, background screening, and careful interviewing to ensure that individuals appointed to positions of trust are suitable and do not pose a risk to those in their care. Safer recruitment is an essential part of organisational safeguarding policies and practices.	安全招募是指以保障兒童、青少年及弱勢成年人免受傷害為目的，吸引、甄選和任命員工、義工或任何擔任信任職位的人員的程序。這包括全面的審查、背景及推薦信檢查、面試評估，確保受聘或受委任者適合擔任信任職位，並不對被照顧者構成風險。安全招募是機構保障政策及實務的重要組成部分。	Employment Ordinance (Cap. 57) — general framework for employment, including fair hiring practices. Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — ensures that those working with children are fit and do not pose a risk. Social Welfare Department Child Protection Guidelines — recommend safer recruitment procedures for organisations working with vulnerable groups. Hong Kong Police / Criminal Record Checks — background checks for positions of trust are advised for both staff and volunteers.
Secondary Trauma	繼發性創傷	Secondary Trauma refers to the acute emotional distress and psychological symptoms experienced by individuals, such as professionals, carers, or family members, when they are indirectly exposed to another person’s trauma. This can occur through hearing disclosures, witnessing suffering, or handling traumatic material, and may resemble post-traumatic stress responses. Unlike vicarious trauma, secondary trauma is usually short-term and may resolve with adequate support.	二次創傷是指專業人員、照顧者或家人在間接接觸他人創傷（例如聆聽披露、目睹痛苦或處理相關資料）時出現的急性情緒困擾和心理反應，可能與創傷後壓力反應相似。與替代性創傷不同，二次創傷通常屬短期性，若得到適當支持一般可以恢復。	There is no specific legal definition of secondary trauma in Hong Kong law. However, recognition of the psychological impact on professionals and carers can be linked to occupational safety under the Occupational Safety and Health Ordinance (Cap. 509), and to the duty of care principles applied in social welfare and safeguarding practice guidelines issued by the Social Welfare Department and NGOs.
Self-Harm	自殘	Self-harm refers to deliberate actions taken by an individual to inflict physical harm on themselves, often as a way of coping with emotional distress, trauma, or psychological difficulties, without suicidal intent.	自殘行為是指個人為應對情緒困擾、創傷或心理困難而故意對自己造成身體傷害的行為，通常不帶有自殺意圖。	Mental Health Ordinance (Cap. 136) — allows assessment and intervention for individuals at risk of self-harm. Hospital Authority Guidelines — provide protocols for identifying, treating, and supporting patients exhibiting self-harm. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — include procedures for safeguarding and providing support to vulnerable individuals engaging in self-harm.
Self-Neglect	自我疏忽	Self-neglect refers to a situation where an individual fails to care for their own basic needs, such as nutrition, hygiene, health, or safety, resulting in harm or risk of harm.	自我疏忽是指個人未能照顧自身基本需求，如營養、衛生、健康或安全，導致自身受到傷害或面臨傷害風險。	Social Welfare Department Guidelines — recognise self-neglect as a safeguarding concern, particularly for vulnerable adults, and provide intervention frameworks. Mental Health Ordinance (Cap. 136) — allows for assessment and care of individuals unable to care for themselves due to mental disorder. Hospital Authority Guidelines — include procedures for identifying and supporting patients exhibiting self-neglect.
Sexting	發送色情訊息／影像	Sexting is when someone shares sexual, naked or semi-naked images or videos of themselves or others, or sends sexual messages, usually via mobile phones or online platforms. When under 18s are involved, such behaviour may amount to the creation, distribution, or possession of indecent images of children, which is a criminal offence.	「發送色情訊息／影像」是指有人分享自己或他人的色情、裸露或半裸圖片或影片，或發送色情訊息，通常透過手機或網上平台進行。若涉及未滿18歲人士，則可能構成製作、傳播或持有兒童猥褻影像，屬刑事罪行。
Sexual Abuse	性侵害	Sexual abuse refers to any sexual act or conduct directed towards a child, adult, or vulnerable person without their consent or understanding, including sexual assault, exploitation, or coercion.	性侵害是指對兒童、成年人或弱勢人士在未經同意或無法理解的情況下施加的任何性行為或性接觸，包括性侵、性剝削或脅迫性行為。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminalises sexual offences, including sexual assault and indecent conduct. Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — mandates protection and intervention for child victims of sexual abuse. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide procedures for identifying, reporting, and supporting victims of sexual abuse.
Sexual Exploitation	性剝削	Sexual exploitation refers to the abuse of a child, adult, or vulnerable person for sexual purposes, often in exchange for money, gifts, status, or other benefits, including coercion or manipulation.	性剝削是指以金錢、禮物、地位或其他利益作交換，對兒童、成年人或弱勢人士進行性目的的虐待，包括脅迫或操控行為。	Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — criminalises sexual exploitation, trafficking for sexual purposes, and related offences. Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — empowers authorities to intervene in cases of child sexual exploitation. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide safeguarding procedures and support services for victims of sexual exploitation.
Sexual Harassment	性騷擾	Sexual harassment refers to any unwelcome behaviour of a sexual nature that violates a person’s dignity, creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment, or coerces a person into sexual activity.	性騷擾是指任何性質的不受歡迎行為，侵犯個人尊嚴，或造成恐嚇、敵對或冒犯的環境，或脅迫個人從事性行為。	Sex Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 480) — prohibits sexual harassment in employment, education, and service provision. Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) — addresses harassment, assault, and intimidation of a sexual nature. Education Bureau & SWD Guidelines — provide procedures for preventing and responding to sexual harassment in schools and care settings.
Special Educational Need	特殊教育需要	Special Educational Need refers to a learning difficulty, disability, or condition that requires additional or different educational support to enable a child to access the curriculum and achieve their full potential.	特殊教育需要是指兒童在學習上存在困難、殘疾或其他狀況，需要額外或不同的教育支援，以便能夠獲得課程學習並發揮潛能。	Education Ordinance (Cap. 279) — requires schools to make provisions for students with special educational needs. Education Bureau Guidelines — provide frameworks for identifying, supporting, and reviewing Special Educational Need in schools. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — offer additional support services for children with special educational needs, including assessment and intervention.
Spiritual Abuse	屬靈侵害	Spiritual abuse refers to the misuse of religious beliefs, practices, or positions of authority to control, coerce, manipulate, or exploit others. This may involve the misuse of scripture, doctrines, or claims of divine authority to shame, dominate, or silence individuals. It is important to note that spiritual abuse is not a separate legal category in Hong Kong. Spiritual abuse is not a separate category of abuse but is a form of psychological and emotional abuse within a religious or faith-based context. When discussing such cases with statutory agencies, it is important to be clear that spiritual abuse should be understood as a form of psychological and emotional abuse.	屬靈侵害是指濫用宗教信仰、教義或權威地位，以控制、脅迫、操縱或剝削他人。這可能包括錯誤地引用經文、教義，或以「神的旨意」之名去羞辱、支配或令他人噤聲。需要強調的是，靈性虐待並不是香港法律中的獨立虐待類別，而是屬於心理及情緒虐待的一種，在宗教或信仰的脈絡下出現。在與法定機構討論相關個案時，應清楚指出靈性虐待應被理解為心理及情緒虐待的一種表現。	No specific statutory provision on “spiritual abuse” in Hong Kong law. Relevant frameworks: Crimes Ordinance (Cap. 200) (covers coercion, intimidation, deception), Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Cap. 486) (if involving data misuse), and general safeguarding guidance (e.g., Social Welfare Department child protection guidelines) where spiritual abuse may be addressed under psychological and emotional abuse.
Substance Abuse	濫用藥物	Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of substances, such as alcohol, drugs, or other chemicals, in a manner that negatively affects physical or mental health, social functioning, or legal status.	濫用藥物是指以對身體或心理健康、社交功能或法律地位造成不良影響的方式使用酒精、藥物或其他化學品。	Dangerous Drugs Ordinance (Cap. 134) — criminalises possession, trafficking, and misuse of controlled substances. Poisons Ordinance (Cap. 138) — regulates hazardous substances to prevent misuse. Social Welfare Department & Hospital Authority Guidelines — provide frameworks for treatment, intervention, and safeguarding individuals affected by substance abuse.
Suicidal Ideation	自殺意念	Suicidal ideation refers to thinking about, considering, or planning suicide. It can range from fleeting thoughts to detailed planning, and may or may not involve intent or immediate risk. Recognising suicidal ideation early is crucial for safeguarding, as timely support and intervention can prevent self-harm and potentially save lives.	自殺意念指個人有關自殺的想法、考慮或計劃。其程度可由短暫念頭到具體計劃不等，可能有或沒有立即的自殺意圖或風險。及早識別自殺意念對保障個人安全至關重要，因為及時支援與干預可防止自傷行為，甚至挽救生命。	Mental Health Ordinance (Cap. 136) — provides the framework for managing individuals at risk of self-harm or suicide. Social Welfare Department & Hospital Authority Guidelines — recommend timely identification, referral, and support for individuals expressing suicidal thoughts. Education Bureau Circulars on Student Wellbeing — emphasise early detection and referral for students with self-harm or suicidal ideation.
Survivor-Centred Approach	以倖存者為中心的方式	A survivor-centred approach refers to practices that prioritise the rights, needs, and autonomy of survivors of abuse, neglect, or trauma. It emphasises empowerment, safety, confidentiality, and active participation in decisions affecting their care and support.	以倖存者為本的方式是指在處理虐待、疏忽或創傷案件時，以倖存者的權利、需求和自主性為優先，強調賦權、安全、保密，以及讓受害者積極參與影響其照顧和支援的決策。	Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — mandates that interventions safeguard the rights and welfare of child victims. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — emphasise survivor-centred principles in case management and support services. Police and Victim Support Guidelines — promote survivor-centred procedures in investigations and provision of support.
Trauma	創傷	Trauma is a psychological, emotional, or physical response to distressing or harmful experiences such as abuse, neglect, violence, accidents, or disasters. People respond differently to the same event: what is traumatic for one person may not be for another, and individual trauma reactions can vary widely. Trauma may affect safety, stability, coping ability, and long-term mental health.	創傷是指因虐待、疏忽照顧、暴力、意外、災難等痛苦或有害經歷而產生的心理、情感或身體反應。每個人對同一事件的反應可能不同：對一人構成創傷的事情，對另一人未必如此，而創傷反應亦因人而異。創傷會影響安全感、穩定感、應對能力，並可能對精神健康造成長遠影響。
Trauma-Informed Practice	創傷知情實踐	Trauma-informed practice refers to an approach in which professionals and organisations recognise the presence and impact of trauma, respond appropriately to avoid re-traumatisation, and prioritise the safety, empowerment, and well-being of individuals.	創傷知情實踐是指專業人士及機構在工作中認識創傷的存在及影響，採取適當回應以避免再度創傷，並優先保障個人的安全、賦權及福祉。	Social Welfare Department Guidelines — integrate trauma-informed approaches in child protection and adult safeguarding interventions. Hospital Authority Guidelines — encourage trauma-informed care in mental health and medical services. Education Bureau Guidelines — promote awareness and support for students who have experienced trauma.
Vicarious Trauma	替代性創傷	Vicarious Trauma refers to the cumulative and long-term psychological and emotional impact on individuals, particularly professionals and carers, who are repeatedly exposed to other people’s traumatic experiences. Unlike secondary trauma, which may be short-term, vicarious trauma often leads to deeper and lasting changes in a person’s worldview, sense of safety, values, and relationships.	替代性創傷是指專業人員或照顧者因長期、反覆接觸他人創傷經歷而逐漸累積的心理和情緒影響。與二次創傷（secondary trauma）不同，替代性創傷通常會對個人的世界觀、安全感、價值觀和人際關係造成深層及持久的改變。
Victim Survivor	受害倖存者	Victim survivor refers to a person who has experienced abuse, neglect, or trauma and acknowledges both the harm suffered and their ongoing resilience or recovery. The term highlights the individual’s experience as a victim while recognising their strength in surviving the incident.	受害倖存者是指曾經遭受虐待、疏忽或創傷的人，此術語同時肯定其所受的傷害以及在事件後的韌性或康復過程，強調其作為受害者的經歷，並肯定其倖存力量。	Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — safeguards children who are victims of abuse. Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — protects adult victims of domestic abuse. Social Welfare Department & Police Guidelines — promote survivor-centred approaches, support services, and empowerment for victims.
Vulnerable Person	弱勢人士	A vulnerable person refers to an individual who, due to age, disability, illness, mental health issues, or social circumstances, is at increased risk of abuse, neglect, exploitation, or harm and may require additional protection or support.	弱勢人士是指因年齡、殘疾、疾病、心理健康問題或社會環境因素，而面臨更高虐待、疏忽、剝削或傷害風險，可能需要額外保護或支援的人士。	Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — recognises children as a vulnerable group requiring protection. Domestic Violence Ordinance (Cap. 189) — protects adults who are vulnerable due to domestic circumstances. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — provide procedures for identifying, assessing, and safeguarding vulnerable persons in care and community settings.
Whistleblowing	吹哨舉報	Whistleblowing refers to the act of reporting suspected wrongdoing, misconduct, or abuse within an organisation, particularly when it poses a risk to the safety, rights, or well-being of individuals.	吹哨舉報是指報告組織內涉嫌不當行為、違規或虐待的行為，尤其是在這些行為可能危及個人的安全、權利或福祉時。	Employment Ordinance (Cap. 57) — provides protections for employees who report wrongdoing. Prevention of Bribery Ordinance (Cap. 201) — encourages reporting of corrupt practices Social Welfare Department Guidelines & Hospital Authority Protocols — outline procedures for staff to report safeguarding concerns while ensuring protection from retaliation.	《公眾利益披露條例》（第201章）
Witness	證人	In safeguarding procedures, a witness refers to a person who has observed, experienced, or reports concerns about abuse, harm, or inappropriate behaviour. The term is used neutrally to avoid labelling individuals as victims.	在保障程序中，「證人」是指有觀察到、經歷過，或提出對虐待、傷害或不當行為關注的人。此用語屬中性，避免將當事人標籤為受害者。	While “witness” is a legal term under the Evidence Ordinance (Cap. 8), in safeguarding practice it is adopted in a broader sense to cover anyone reporting or experiencing concerns.
Zero Tolerance Approach to Inaction	對不作為採取零容忍態度	A zero tolerance approach to inaction refers to an organisational or legal principle where failing to act on concerns, reports, or signs of abuse, neglect, or harm is considered unacceptable, and all staff are required to respond promptly and appropriately.	對不作為採取零容忍態度是指組織或法律原則，對於未能對虐待、疏忽或傷害的關注、舉報或跡象作出行動的行為視為不可接受，要求所有工作人員迅速及適當地回應。	Protection of Children and Juveniles Ordinance (Cap. 213) — imposes duties on authorities and caregivers to act in safeguarding children. Social Welfare Department Guidelines — require timely reporting and intervention when abuse or neglect is suspected. Education Bureau Guidelines — mandate that school staff take immediate action in safeguarding concerns.